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Cross-Country Planning I REFERENCES: AC 61 21 AC 61 23 AC 61 84 Charts A FD AIM I BR ... Obtaining Weather Information I REFERENCES: AC 0 6 AC 00 45 AC 61 21 AC 61 23 AC 61 84 and AIM I BR... FAR 91 aircraft equipment required Day VFR minimum equipment: airspeed altimeter compass tachometer fuel gauge oil temperature oil pressure gear indicator and manifold... Category Normal Category is a certification category This category has a maximum G loading of 3 8 G #39;s positive G #39;s 1 52... Sequence of Decision for Airworthiness Is it required by FAR 91 2095 or 91 213 d 2 ii BR I If not I Is it required... The Aircraft Make model serial number and quot;N quot; number can identify an aircraft You should know the year the aircraft was built ... FAR 61.35(a)(f) and 61 105(a) Aeronautical knowledge I certify that I have given name the ground instruction required by FAR 61 105 a 1 through 6 The new version lists thirteen... Flight Instruction/Proficiency Requirement FAR 61 107 a flight proficiency BR I certify that I have given name the flight instruction required by FAR 61 107 a 1... Take Practical Test FAR 61 105 and 61 125 BR Private or commercial pilot must receive and have logged ground as well as flight training from authorized instructor or a home study... FAR 61.39(a)(5) Completion of Prerequisites for PT I have given name flight instruction in preparation for a type test within the preceding 60 days and find him competent to pass the test and... Test After Failure 67 FAR 61 47 Re testing within 30 days after first failure BR I have given name additional type instruction and find him competent... Certificates and Documents I FONT SIZE quot; 1 quot; REFERENCES; FARs 43 61 and 91; AC 61 21 AC61 23; Pilot #39;s handbook and Flight Manual... Student Logbook Requirements Student solo license endorsements for each type aircraft BR Student solo cross country license endorsement BR Logbook signoff for ground instruction BR Pre solo aeronautical... In Possession for Checkride Logbook BR Medical Student certificate BR Sectional Must be current BR Aircraft engine logbook Get from maintenance BR Aircraft... Ground Review All frequencies BR Sectional use BR FARs BR Aircraft manual one in aircraft required BR Aircraft papers logbooks ... Flight Review All slow flight BR All stalls BR All landings BR Go arounds BR Steep turns BR Spirals BR Unusual... Private Pilot Legality License in possession BR Current medical BR Flight review or additional rating ... Private Pilot Currency 3 landings in last 90 days before carrying passengers BR 3 full stop landing for night currency ... Private Pilot Sharing of Expenses Only direct operating costs of rental and fuel ... Additional Endorsements High performance aircraft over 200 hp BR Complex aircraft Gear and flaps BR Tail wheel ... Performance Sheet ASEL Weight and balance BR CG at gross takeoff______CG at gross landing____ BR Shift weight from______ to _____ BR New CG ______ B BR ... Private Pilot Endorsements An instructorís endorsement indicates that he feels you have been instructed in and are competent to perform a given maneuver At that time Your logbook is a legal document... Aeronautical Knowledge For FAR 61 35 a 61 105 b and 61 107 b BR B I certify that I have reviewed _______ home study... Paperwork Endorsements: BR ol li Your student license must be endorsed for each type of aircraft flown and for cross country flight BR ... Aircraft Logbooks Maintenance records of aircraft and engine must be available to the examiner FAR 91 3 The pilot must be able to explain and interpret all of the maintenance records ... Airport Markings symbols colors local rules BR Diagram ... VOR tracking Tunes and idents station BR Holds altitude within 200í BR Locates position using radials BR Intercepts and tracks a radial BR Recognizes signal... Opinion Where am I Where am I diverting to what direction is it Turn the airplane that direction How far away is it do I have enough... Emergency Equipment ELT operation and ground activation BR Fuses breakers ... Pilot in Command Time There are five different ways to get logable pilot in command PIC time according to FAR 61 51 c 2 BR BR ... Night Flight (Discussion) Use of checklist BR Preflight BR Chart reading BR Hazards and precautions BR Lighting systems of plane and airport BR... Diversion to Alternate Accurate immediate turn to estimated heading finds ground speed ETA fuel conditions flies U U 200 feet U ... Lost Procedures Maintains original heading BR Identifies available landmarks BR Uses Navaids and contacts ATC for assistance BR Considers precautionary landing as an option ... Emergency Landing Best glide U U 10 knots ... Equipment and Survival Gear ELT battery life FAR requirements operation ... Systems Malfunction Use of checklist BR Power loss BR Rough or hot engine BR Carburetor or induction icing BR No oil pressure BR ... Unusual Attitude Recoveries Nose up Recover with pitch down add power level wings BR Nose down Recover with reduced power level wings pitch to level ... Communication, ATC & Radar Acknowledgment and compliance BR Uses appropriate ATC procedures BR Emergency and NORDO procedure BR Practice and performance BR Maintains U ... Emergency Procedures Use of checklist BR Emergency descent BR Situations where required BR Advantage of using flaps BR Speeds within 5 knots BR ... Slow Flight No maneuvers below 1500í BR 1 2 Vs1 at 10 and 5 knots BR Altitude within 100í and airspeed within 10 and ... Minimum Controllable No maneuvers below 1500í BR Stall horn whimpering at all times BR Power added as required to hold altitude in 10 degree maximum banks BR ... Power-off Stalls No lower that 1500 #39; BR Stabilized approach landing configuration full flaps BR Stall induced in back side of the power curve and heading ... Power-on Stalls No lower that 1500 #39; BR Takeoff configuration BR Induce stall with heading maintained U U 10 degrees when inducing stall with... Spin Awareness (Discussion) Flight situations where spins may occur BR Recognize a spin and apply recovery technique BR Techniques specific to aircraft BR power off and flaps up... IFR Maneuvers Straight and level control U U 200 feet of altitude U U 20 degrees of heading U ... Taxiing Brake check speed control BR Knows and obeys signs lines and lights BR Speed and yoke positions for wind BR ... Run-up Control check BR Engine check BR Instrument settings BR Uses checklist BR Airspeed distances review BR Emergency and departure review... Pre-takeoff Uses checklist BR Takeoff configuration BR Radio use and acknowledgments and compliance BR Clearing approach ... Before Takeoff Check Emergency procedures review BR Door belts smoke engine BR POH distances and performance BR Departure plan review BR Clearing BR... Takeoffs Alignment BR Rotation and liftoff BR Drift correction BR Airborne alignment check BR Clearing turns ... Normal and Crosswind Vy 10 5 knots ... Soft Field In ground effect to Vy remove flaps at 200í BR Climb at Vy 10 and 5 knots ... Short Field Takeoffs Rotate at Vx or as recommended BR Climb at Vx 10 or 5 knots to 50í BR Above 50í climb at Vy 10... Traffic Patterns Local rules BR Altitudes U U 100 and speeds U U 10 knots BR The idea of... Landings on Final Over the fence Vref U U 5 knots or 1 2 Vso No exact POH figures BR B Soft field Approach... Post Landing Checklist When flaps C H mixture radio ... Parking and Tiedown Use of checklist ... Safe Operation Use of tow bar BR Why recommended procedures BR Post flight inspection ... Go-around Power to full BR Hold heading and altitude BR Milk flaps or to 20 degrees according to IAS BR At Vy flaps up and climb... Steep Turns Va or POH entry speed into 360 turn with bank of 10 5 degrees of 45 U U 100 feet ... Ground Reference Turns around a point BR B 600 to 1000 feet 45 degree bank U U 100 feet U... Pilotage and Dead Reckoning Course within 3 nautical miles BR Altitude U U 200í BR Arrival within 5 minutes BR Heading within 15 degrees... Practical Test Standards NOTE: All of the PTS material is greatly expanded in the instructional learning material BR New Specifics: FONT BR VFR minimums in... Basic Maneuver Tolerances Altitude U U 200 feet BR Heading U U 10 degrees BR Speed U ... Preflight & Cockpit Management Inspects using checklist BR Passenger briefing on belts and emergency procedures from checklist on how to: BR ul li Tighten belts BR ... Engine Starting Clear start and after start with checklist BR Hand propping BR External source BR Clearing BR Uses checklist ... Post-start Flap setting BR Trim setting BR Mixture leaning BR Radios BR ATIS BR Engine Instruments ... Applicant Summary You must have an application for a rating form FAA Form 8710 1 a waiver form as required a medical certificate and radio license for foreign... Private Pilot Requirements At least 17 read write and speak English 3rd class medical written test oral test flight test 61 103 BR Private... As a Licensed Pilot Cross country time requires a landing destination and use of a navigational method No distance is required except for more than 50 NM straight line when required for getting a... Areas of Required Knowledge Required logbook endorsements with date and time BR BR Preflight BR Flight Procedures BR Aircraft Performance BR Radio... The PTS Everything about the Practical Test is a given If you have studied the PTS you know what is going to happen You may not know when or just how... The Practical Test Determines if applicant has had required instruction BR Determines if applicant can safely perform required tasks BR BR The practical test is a two... PTS Oral/Flight Test Meet with examiner before the tests and ask relevant questions BR Examiners weight BR Cross country plan BR Weather contingencies BR Cost... Are You FARs Ready? Requirements of 61 87 logged as satisfactory proficiency and safety BR Review of logbook entries insures compliance with long term requirements BR Recent sign offs... Universal Aspects Soundness of judgment BR Division of attention BR Airspeed and altitude limits BR Safety awareness BR Smooth and accurate aircraft control BR ... FAR 61.43 Flight Tests a Perform pilot operations BR 1 Executing maneuvers within performance capability and limitations including use of the aircraft #39;s systems BR ... Bird Strikes A serious problem costing over $150 million per year in aircraft damage and occasionally a life BR Bird strikes 1998 BR ... Taildraggers 19 of fleet are taildraggers BR 6 to 29 of landing accidents P P ... Overview of the PTS 75 of Applicant failures are due to instructor failure The Applicant must know that he is pilot in command as well as in compliance with the eligibility rules ... VFR Midairs 82 occur by one aircraft being overtaken from the rear BR 35 occur with convergence less than 10 degrees BR ... More on Mid-Airs ul li Over half of the people involved in midair accidents were survivors BR li The probability of a... Midair Accidents In 10 Years 1983-94 236 incidents BR ul li 132 accidents with 56 fatality rate BR li 3 air to air contacts per... Historical Midairs ul li 766 midairs 1807 fatalities BR li 44 of midairs have no fatalities BR li ... Aviator's Lies ul li The weather will be all right BR li We will be on time maybe even early BR ... Flight Contradictions ul li The rudder is not used to turn the plane Rather it keeps the nose straight BR... Where Accidents Happen ul li Only 8 of midairs are from head on 42 are between airplanes flying in the same direction ... Accident Precipitating Causes 1991 ul li Inadequate preflight and or planning BR li 1 4 of all accidents are caused by inadequate preflight BR ... ATC Problems in Decending Order ol li Non adherence to clearance FAR #39;s or published procedures BR li Erroneous penetration of airspace TCA #39;s... FAR Violations In Decending Order ol li Careless or reckless operation BR li Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions BR li Failure to meet requirement... Nice To Know Information ul li Multiply horsepower by 09 to give gallons per hour consumption with safety factor BR li Most aircraft... Fuel Accidents ul li The number one cause of engine failure is lack of fuel BR li 10 of General Aviation accidents are caused... Fatalities and Survival ul li 90 of people involved in ditching accidents survive BR li Only 1 out of every 6 airplane accidents results in... Stall Spin Accidents ul li 60 of stall spin accidents take place during the takeoff landing phases of flight BR li ... Forced Landings li If altitude permits glide range may be increased if propeller is stopped BR li Speed half way between best rate... Alcohol 1 In accidents from #39;78 to #39;87 6 of G A pilots had blood alcohol level of at least 04 by weight... Smoking 1 A smoker of 1 and 1 2 packs a day will ingest into his lungs a radiation level of 8000 millirem just from cigarettes ... Coffee Coffee causes dehydration 15 dehydration causes 40 decrease in flying coordination Water by volume X 1 5 is needed to replace ... Thoughts on Thoughts ul li Flying is not dangerous; crashing is dangerous BR li Flying is the perfect vocation for a man who wants to... IFR Rated Pilot ul li 1 accident in 4 459 hours in IFR conditions BR li 1 accident in 61 900 hours in... Non-IFR Pilot ul li 1 accident in 12 186 hours in IFR conditions BR li 1 accident in 94 819 hours... Why Accidents Happen ul li 75 of accidents involve poor pilot judgment with reference to his ability knowledge or capability BR... Engine Failure Accidents ul li 22 of all accidents BR li 4 only partial failure BR li... Descending Mechanical Failure Frequency 1 Clogged fuel system BR 2 Throttle mixture control BR 3 Oil line BR 4 Clogged... Retractables 1 One gear up landing occurs on average every day in the U S 5 of retractable accidents are gear up landings BR ... Fixed Gear Accidents ul li 1 in 7 accidents result in a fatality in fixed gear aircraft BR li 8 of 10 fixed gear accidents... Night Accidents 1 Night emergency landings are 1 5 times as likely to result in a fatality BR 2 7 of flying is... Mountain Accidents li 40 more than in flatlands BR li 155 higher at some airports ... Wire Strikes li 1 accident in 20 is a wire strike BR li A wire strike will occur below 200 #39; AGL in VFR BR... Shoulder Harness 1 As of 1975 4 out of every 5 people ever killed in airplanes since the Wright brothers would have been alive if they had been ... Weather Accidents 1 Ice accidents: One per year in California Indiana is worst with almost 2 a year 4 of the 5 California accidents occurred between... Accidents By Experience Level Less experienced pilots are more susceptible to accidents BR li Flying less than 10 hours in 30 days or less than 25 hours... Why and When of Accidents 1 One fourth of forced landings are related to maintenance or mechanical failure BR 2 1 3 accidents in landing ... 1996 Statistics 46000 accidents 25 involved drugs or alcohol 20 were caused by mechanical problems 27 had terrain as a factor 2 had weight ... Homebuilt Statistics 2 of planes are homebuilt #133;they have 10 of the accidents and are twice as likely to be totally destroyed P ... Written Tests Private Pilot Written Test figures: P P 1997: Total tests taken 32 981 92 1 passed the test average ... About Accidents Use of shoulder harnesses in all seats will reduce major injuries by 88 and fatalities by 20 Retro fit harness kits are... Your CFI As A Hazard li 75 of flight training accidents related to improper gear operation occurs with CFI aboard BR li 50... Fuel Electric accidents 1 Experience level of the pilot does not seem to matter in fuel related accidents BR 2 86 of aircraft... General Aviation Accidents 1 51 of pilots were between 40 49 BR 2 71 were private pilots BR 3 52 had... 1989 - 1993 US Accidents #133;Accident__________Deaths_ BR 1 Highway Accidents 228 000 BR 2 Murders ... 1995 Statistics Most flying decisions are easy if the decision is based upon safety Being safe does not mean without risk Engine operations are safe... Recall Statistics li 10 of what you read BR li 20 of what you hear BR li ... 1998 Nall Report li B VFR flight into IFR conditions is the leading source of fatalities Judgment failures are the cause BR ... 1999 Nall Report li B Landings are the source of most accidents but few injuries BR li For every mile traveled airplanes... 1997 Nall Report li An accident as a judgment failure BR li Pilots only spot one third of ATC traffic reported as significant BR... Airline Pilots The second most frequent cause of death among airline pilots prior to age 60 is a general aviation accident P ... 1998 Statistics li B Over 20 of all G A fatal accidents had weather as contributing factor BR ... 1996 For 100,000 Hours of Flying Singles 1 5 BR Twins 2 12 BR Homebuilts 2 of the flying and 10 of the accidents with aircraft ... 1999 Was A Very Good Year 1908 general aviation accidents BR 342 were fatal accidents BR 7 05 accidents per 100 000 hours of flying BR ... General Aviation Statistics Only three out of every 1000 people in the US are pilots BR Out of 67 000 licensed instructors in the U s ... The E-6B The E 6B was more created than invented by Phillip Dalton in the early 1930s It was initially called quot;The Dalton Dead reckoning... The Plotter The first aircraft plotter was invented by a Naval officer named Weems He adapted the much larger shipboard plotter into a plastic model which... Statistics As of October 2001 ul li If you are rushed for time you are eleven times more likely to make a mistake than if you have ample... It's About Time A sailing ship #39;s speed over a nautical a mile was historically measured by means of a knotted knots rope tied to a log... Different Miles and How They Came to Be Under the Roman Empire Rome became the center of the western world All roads led to Rome and all distances were measured from... Phonetic Alphabet and Time Zones In 1914 the U S Army adopted a phonetic alphabet but Spanish pronunciations created problem In 1927 a worldwide agreement of words and spelling... Phillips Head Screws John Henry Phillips of Mass patented his double slotted screw in 1932 The very similar Reed Prince screw is not approved for ... The Compass The ancients recognized the pole star as being a constant reference for determining direction The Norsemen in the 11th century used a needle of... Radio Q-History The Q codes were developed when communications wasn #39;t as good as now and Morse code was till the norm BR It... The Development of Aviation Progress in aviation has been a dynamic proof of the Chaos theory Government in all its forms as perceived by the individual as a... 521 Maintenance During WWII one of the very first airborne radar sets from England was code named the 521 Aircraft using this set were equipped with... What's New With so much history in the past I would like to take you into the future: BR I am most proud of my... Teaching 30 Years Ago The following is a #39;Preliminary Talk Notes #39; that I made early on in my instructing career Going over them was of interest ... Associated Airport (Two Mile final into CCR 19R) Clyde as it exists now is two small rows of homes along one side of a railroad spur track and Port Chicago Highway I was once... Wifferdill I #39;m told that quot;wolferdale quot; is an aviation perhaps military aviation term meaning a 270 turn Is this correct BR ... Windsock The word sock is from the colloquial French meaning close in or conceal When an airport was `socked in #39; the windsock was taken... Buchannan Field (at Concord, California) Within the immediate vicinity of Buchannan Field Concord CA there have been over seven airports over the years One of the very first... Pitot Tube Inventor The pitot tube was invented by Francais Pitot a French physicist and dentist born in 1695 His tube was first used to measure ... Names And What Bell decibel BR Morse code BR Doppler frequency change BR Mach speed of sound BR ... Society of Automotive Engineers In 1917 the SAE had an Aeronautical Division which diagrammed and identified the stick controls and rudder used to control aircraft Altitude ... The Johnson Bar One unlikely aircraft feature was derived from the steam engine The Johnson bar was used to control the amount of steam and hence the... Trim Tab Inventor Also known at the servo trim was invented by Anton Flettner a German aeronautical engineer He worked for the Zeppelin Company in Germany... Holding Patterns IFR The shape of the holding pattern was based upon a requirement that older gyro instruments be allowed to settle down in a turn The... Absolute Altitude Absolute altitude is obtained by the use of radar The first radar altimeter was the A N 718 I worked with it during WWII ... Viva la Difference Where male and female students are similar: BR Individual differences of greater importance BR Learning differences more related... Spins Were A One Time Thing In 1914 An unheralded aviation pioneer is British scientist F A Lindemann quot;The Prof quot; as he was known led a very ... Instructional Frustration I must admit I am somewhat discourged with primary flight instruction Students that don #39;t prepare for the lesson don #39;t do their homework ... Good Instruction Communication BR Knowledge and ability to explain BR Ability to demonstrate BR Patience BR Motivation... My Solos Take Longer The first five students I taught had #39;things #39; happen during their first or second solo I changed my program so that a student ... Time For First Solo This method to safely soloing a student puts the burden on the student It is not the way I do it but it is worth considering ... Teaching Airplane English I am in the process of #39;re treading #39; two pilots who have radio problems They are both experienced complex high performance ... Military Instruction Instruction that uses the stair step approach is predicated on the absence of surprises A military preflight can take hours In my own... CFI Abuses of Student Time This problem is usually one of teaching style and respect BR 1 Coming to lesson unprepared BR 2 Failure to prep... One CFI + One CFI = Problems One several occasions I have flown with both experienced and inexperienced CFI for a number of reasons In practically every instance peculiar things have... Where's The Problem? When an instructor becomes upset over a student #39;s performance the student could well consider that the problem lies with the instructor An... Knowing Know He who knows not and knows not that he knows not is a fool shun him BR He who... Training Attitudes A casual approach to flying can be hazardous Flying requires considerable planning and rethinking of the options as the flight progresses The midset... The Competence of Incompetence With the advent of a new study as to what constitutes competence there is a new fear by the self assured that they may be among ... Designing Lessons Giving flying lessons is much like building a tissue and balsa flying model of an airplane of your own design The plane must be... The Joys of Flying Getting through your checkride successfully gives rise to a sense of elation and achievement that can only be described in superlatives Just how it... On Motivation Students will only learn if they want to Contrary to commonly held parent #39;s opinion children are not inherently resistant to instruction ... When A Pilot Dies Two of my pilots have died in airplane crashes One I had advised to quit and I thought that he had Three years later ... Wearing Thin Pants In many respects flying an airplane is much like riding a horse A horse goes where its head points so does an airplane ... Instructional Safety When teaching the safest possible flight operations you can show a student how poor decisions doing the same maneuvers could be proportionately more dangerous ... Effective Instruction First of four elements is identification of the objectives…not the creation of them as would the FAA have you believe BR The... Planned Instruction The military is a leading exponent of programmed instruction Under such a program every thing in the future is based upon the building blocks... FAA Instructional Format FAA instruction is based on early 1900 educational theory and practice Most learning is visual but requires repetition and reinforcement for adequate retention ... Teaching The FAA Way I have never seen the 60 14 textbook I assume it is the revised Flight Instructor Handbook I once made a complete summary of ... Pilot/Owner Maintenance P Keeping an aircraft clean greatly improves both its appearance and its performance When you clean an aircraft you learn a great deal about its construction and... Airworthiness Directive P B AD Compliance Record B P P Aircraft No: Make: Serial Number P ... Service Difficulty Reports (SDRs) P B SDRs B are a mechanics #146; report on maintenance problems These are collected by the FAA and aircraft manufacturer and passed on... Service Bulletin P Issued by manufacturer about service problems and solutions The solution is not mandatory as with an AD P ... Maintenance Records P The owner operator is responsible for all required maintenance inspections and logbook entries on an aircraft FAR 43 gives entry examples of #145;appropriate quot;... Airworthiness Directives (ADs) P FAR 91 403 a requires that an AD compliance record be kept Some AD are one time and others recurring They notify aircraft owners... Repairs P The main difference between a 100 hour inspection and annual inspection is that the airframe and power plant mechanic can sign off the 100 hour but the... Inspections P FAR 43 11 a b Type description date total time signature certificate type and number; approval or disapproval for return ... Operating Without a MEL (Minimum Equipment List) P B Minimum Equipment List B P P Most older aircraft have been certified without a MEL but everything operational... MEL Decision Sequence P The pilot recognizes inoperative instruments or equipment P P B Question: B P P... Minimum Equipment List P I Reference FAR Part 91 I P P P Knowledge of required instruments and equipment for day night VFR... Permanent Records P Total time on airframe engine propeller since last overhaul of items required to be overhauled P P Status... Engine Logs P B Overhaul B P P Does not change prior history Time is added as quot;since overhaul quot;... Operation of Airplane Systems P I FONT SIZE quot; 1 quot; REFERENCES: C 61 21 AC61 23 FONT Airplane Handbook and Flight Manual I ... Cold Weather P Hot or cold temperatures affect the quality of the preflight In the winter as your body cools you tend to mentally and physically slow down... Determining Performance and Limitations P I REFERENCES: AC 61 21 AC 61 23 AC 61 84 Airplane Handbook and Flight Manual I P ... Performance Sheet ASEL Compute weight and balance with gross takeoff weight___________ Center of gravity location ________ BR Gross landing weight __________ Center of gravity location _________ BR Shift weight... Medicine P Any over the counter medication whose name ends in quot;ine quot; should be checked in a flight medical examiner for use before flying Beware of... Carbon Monoxide P Is poisoning due to the exhaust fumes resulting from carbon burning with insufficient oxygen to produce complete oxidation The resulting gas has one atom of carbon... Emergency Trim Use If the elevator is locked as with a control lock the use of trim will be backwards Any use of the trim will be as an... What to Expect from Fatigue Reduced vigilance BR Increased temper excursions BR Reduced ability to concentrate BR Reduce awareness of deviations BR Increased rationalization of errors BR... Subtle Fatigue P This problem often begins with a distraction that causes fixation on an instrument or occurrence Complex flight operations are the first skills to deteriorate ... Sleep P The most common cause of diminished alertness and proficiency is lack of sleep This condition is said to affect 30 of the U S ... Mad As Hell And Taking It P In flying we react in an emergency as we first learned to react When we show anger we react as we first learned to react Just... Opinion On Trim Trimming the airplane is something that comes with practice Like many others have said here the best way to learn is to ... Side Notes 1 The Law of Firsts Haviland #39;s quot;The first time you do you shouldn #39;t have The first time you don #39;t... About Questions P A friend was hauling a body from a remote location in Canada Only a caretaker was around the strip After considering the trees that lined... First Flight Preparations P 1 Schedule aircraft instructor BR 2 Aircraft keys BR 3 Read Owner #39;s Manual BR 4 ... Learning To Fly P There is no single way to get a pilot license Getting it is faster and cheaper if training is done consistently with the same aircraft and... My Kind of Student P I want a student who responds enjoys and pays attention I enjoy sharing my love of flying with someone I often share too... Decisions, Decisions, Decisions P Even the best instruction will not suffice if the student does not show good judgment The student must always be making a series of judgmental decisions... Where To Go; What To Do P You can find whom to interview by talking to people around the airport Pretty soon certain names will keep coming up Those are the people... Preliminaries to Flight P 1 Medical student license br 2 Flight Training Handbook BR 3 Student Pilot Guide 4 San Francisco Sectional BR ... Factors in Successful Learning P B 1 Time of year B BR Summer flying gives longer days but does not provide the most desirable range of experience... My First Month As A Student Pilot H4 Week 1 H4 P FONT SIZE quot; 1 quot; Monday: Rain BR Tuesday: Rain BR ... The Instructor I can teach you to fly in about five minutes but it will take the rest of your life to get it right It is not just... Introduction To The Radio I introduce the ATIS frequency 124 7 the alphabetical sequencing order of information during the day and how to use this information ... Instruction Initially the ground instruction begins with basic background and theory The flight lesson is predicated by the use of preflight and Postflight briefings... Command Authority FAR 91 3: quot;The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for and is the final authority as to the operation ... Teaching Efficiency I teach techniques that maximize safety economy of time and movement both for the pilot and the aircraft Many aspects of pre flight... Teaching Memory The way an instructor presents material has a great influence on student retention of what is being taught Trauma is proven to be the... Reaction and Anticipation In searching for an appropriate place for this material I was surprised at how often the terms appeared the variety of context and... Failed Teaching The most dangerous aspect of flying and flight instruction is that the FAA Part 91 system lets incompetents fly and get sweetheart proficiency checks just... Smoothness Piloting skill is usually poorly defined unless the smoothness factor is included It is only by the smallest increments of control pressures that a skilled... The Student As A Problem Of great concern to the responsible instructor is the prospective pilot who is heavily occupied with concerns unrelated to flying Many students who are... The Nature of Certainty In my careers as a school teacher and flight instructor I have developed student classifications that appear universal There are students who make things... Anticipation The ability to anticipate changes in control pressures required for a particular maneuver must be developed Failure to anticipate rudder movement required to move... Holding Headings A pilot not a student is expected to hold a heading The PTS allows a 10 degree or 20 degree range It... Flying With Your Senses One of the reasons I teach flying with a very limited selection of power settings airspeed configurations and attitudes is because I... Procedures and Techniques Every phase of flying requires a series of procedures from pre flight to shut down With every procedure for what needs to be done... Effective Criticism Requirements 1 Student instructor awareness of what is being done wrong P P 2 Instructor analysis of why P ... What My Instruction Is Not B Flying is not the same as it was in WWI or WWII What worked then is unsafe now Accountability of the... Instructional Constants A number of constants have been recommended Constants while not the only way to fly simplify the complexities of maneuvering an... Who is in charge? B Low time instructors have most of the #39;Who #39;s in Charge #39; kind of difficulty This is because they have not... About Students ol li A student won #39;t learn from those they distrust BR li A student won #39;t improve unless told what... Self-Doubt is Normal B Every so often the instructor finds a student who is going through a phase of flying that is very disturbing to the student... CFI Hours I took my intro flight a few days ago and when I asked my prospective CFI how many hours he had he said over 600 hrs... Judgement of Limitations B The ability of a student to plan a safe flight or flying activity is determined by his judgment of his limitations It ... Abnormal Situation Training B We do not want a first spin to be of the accidental kind We do not want a first encounter with adverse weather... Teaching Precepts P Docendo Discimus We learn by teaching When by yourself you are the instructor BR BR ... Postflight Debriefing The postflight debriefing begins as a self evaluation by both student and instructor as to why certain operations were less than successful or why... Advice From Over 30 Years Ago B The performance of any complex activity such as flying an airplane requires the learning of highly conditioned responses ... Gaining Experience P Once reasonable proficiency in the four basics and landing procedures has been acquired it is important that the instructor provide variations such as are likely to... Instructional sequence P By the second flight the student should have previewed the aircraft manual The manual checklist material must be completely incorporated into that of the student ... Major CFI Applicant Problem Areas P middot; Not fitting lesson to student level BR middot; Too much talking without check on comprehension BR middot; Avoiding unknown an... A Training Program P I make a practice of having prospective students come to my home office for a couple of hours to discuss flying I request that... Teaching To A Higher Level P Because of the concentrated information that is being loaded on the student in the beginning I use a tape recorder so that the material is available... Pilot Error 50 Years Ago P In December of 1947 an Air Force study released the following analysis of pilot errors that precipitate accidents There is no reason to think things have... Introduction to The Radio P I introduce the ATIS frequency 124 7 the alphabetical sequencing order of information during the day and how to use this information ... The Cockpit P Using the tape recorder I go over all the instruments and controls I pay particular attention to the markings and divisions on the dials their... Area Familiarization P I have instructed at a largely general aviation airport CCR with two sets of dual runways This has been fortunate because the potential complexity... Instruction use of MS Flight Simulator I can MS Simulator be a helpful for my flight training i p At the end of WWII I was... Instruction as I do it... P I tend to be too intense in my instruction I want my students to succeed save money and learn quickly I love... Practice Illusions P B Autokinesis B BR On a dark night fly toward a single light Student is to stare only at the light... Illusions - Vertigo Simulation P B Materials: B BR 1 An open lawn space at least 15 #39; by 15 #39; BR 2 A... Hood Lessons P Since hood work is emotionally and mentally tiring it is best to limit each session Gradually extend the hood time until reaching 20 minute sessions ... Scanning (instructor notes) P I suggest a scan process of having the student follow my finger as I point successively from HI to AI VSI to AI Altimeter to ... Illusions - IFR for VFR pilots P The purpose of IFR training is to be able to read interpret the instruments and fly accordingly The introduction of the VFR student to the... Landing Illusions P You and every other pilot is susceptible to illusions When any of our three flight senses visual auditory and kinesthetic give erroneous information... Night Illusions Runway and approach light illusions will always be a problem if you are in an unfamiliar area For this reason it is always desirable to make a daylight... Introduction to Illusions P What ever the illusion it will take a few moments for you to get reoriented If the illusion occurs in trimmed flight the problem is... Illusions - Natural Illusions P B Rain B BR Rain gives the illusion of being higher than you actually are Combined with haze you will fly... Vertigo P Beware of false sensations Your inner ear will give you feelings that are overpowering With low time under the hood you must avoid attempting to... You and Illusions P 1 Illusions can and do occur to everyone BR 2 Proper planning for strange airport conditions is essential BR 3 Weather and... IFR Flying Faults P Initially VFR to IFR flight results in over controlling especially when making corrections Non instrument rated pilots who fly into instrument weather lose control in... VFR to IFR Options P What to do If you #39;re on top do the four C #39;s Climb communicate confess comply If fuel and weather... Unusual Attitudes P During the proficiency phase of hood work #39;unusual attitudes #39; should be practiced This means that you will put on the hood close his... Standard Rate Turns P All banks under the hood are at standard rate Standard rate turns requires two minutes to make a 360 degree circle One minute for a... Timed Turns P In VFR condition at level altitude cruise the standard rate bank is selected by using the turn coordinator The degree of bank is NOTED on the... Fitting The Hood P The hood should be fitted prior to engine start Note that the attitude indicator has both a wings level and a level index mark at its... Utilizing Hood Training P The FAA integrated mix of VFR and IFR instruction is a violation of the very instructional precepts considered basic to flight instruction The purpose of the... Spiral Descents P This particular maneuver is the most difficult of the ground reference maneuvers It requires that the student descend over a selected point such as the... River Flying with Steep Turns P On some subsequent lesson it is well to select an upwind track along a very S shaped course By flying upwind the relative ground speed... Eights P Eights combine the skills acquired from doing left and right turns about a point and S turns First find a with one leg giving ... S-Turns P The two downwind and two upwind turns of the S turn combine the four quadrants of the left and right turns about a point The technique... Rectangular Patterns P Under calm conditions almost any rectangle can be used If there is a wind the longest leg of the rectangles should be planned to be... Course Reversal P The course reversal is a new addition to the Private Pilot Practical Test standards After the completion of a ground reference pattern in one direction it... Thinking Through Patterns P Depending on the student or airport weather conditions I will use paper diagrams and walk through the patterns on the ramp I will illustrate turns about... Turns About a Point P Some students do better if the point is selected at the intersection of to right angle roads This instead of a lone tree helps maintain ... Wind and Groundspeed P Turning as low levels from a crosswind path to a downwind path can be hazardous It leads to the terrible downwind turn stall accident When... Teaching Ground Reference P More often than not ground reference is taught as though it were the end itself and not a tool for use We are not trying to... Why Ground Reference? P One of the weakest parts of flight instruction is the failure of the instructor to let the student know the #39;why #39; of some of the... Tie Down P Given a choice of where to tie down always face into the wind A crosswind tie down means that the aircraft will be trying to ... Introduction to Ground Reference P During the time that I am practicing flap descents and go arounds I try to make at least one descent over a gently curved channel or road... Parking P The number one region of aircraft accidents is getting into a parking space Some pilots seem to think it necessary to make a little jog toward... Takeoff Notes P While easy to accomplish the takeoff is a relatively high risk flight operation because of the few options if things go wrong The best option... Yoke Control P The third skill of taxiing is the use of the yoke which needs to be positioned so that a wind gust will not flip the airplane over... Black Hole Landing P When it is very dark you are subject to illusions Your seat position may make you more or less subject to these Aircraft seats are... Runup P Use a run up checklist Always face the wind Engine cooling is the reason We are not teaching a flying career made only... Courtesy P Airport courtesy extends beyond the rules of right of way Don #39;t use strobe lights on the ground Give preference to aircraft which operate on... Taxiing P Because of side by side seating the student pilot must be helped to find where to look for putting the nose wheel on the taxiway center line... Ground Radio to Taxi P Never transmit on the radio without practicing what to say while holding the microphone to your lips It does no good to practice without the microphone... Getting the ATIS P One of my readers asked that I expand of the following statement: quot;The student will benefit from getting the ATIS with the engine running at all... Prevention of taxiing problems P Communicate BR Use airport diagram BR Get ATC help early BR When in doubt ... The Last Thing You Learn P If you make a good landing the yoke should be positioned for taxiing When you turn off the runway the correct positioning of the yoke will... Runway Incursions P An incursion is when anything on the ground creates a collision hazard with an active runway area Human error is the primary cause These are... Ground Procedures - Taxiing Renewal P By the time we solo we should be using power and brakes with great restraint Minimum power required to move at a good pace and smooth... Trim Exercises (Instructor Notes) P To teach the effectiveness of trim try the following exercise The instructor should demonstrate how to hold the nose in one fixed position while the student... Trimming Cessnas (instructor notes) P Cessna has engineered its trim so that certain changes in trim can be anticipated to correspond to flight path changes in different models For example ... Trim instruction P The direction to move the trim and the proper instructional words to use are a common source of confusion Raising the trim wheel lowers the nose... Tight Grip VS Light Touch P The left hand has only two useable digits while flying The forefinger is behind the yoke for back pressure and the thumb is for forward pressure... Cruise Control P Learning to trim for level flight requires that you think in terms of setting as many constants as possible for a given flight situation First ... Trim Use P Correct use of the trim requires that control pressures be applied to hold the desired flight attitude Then the trim is adjusted to relieve present control... Trim History The trim tab or servo trim was invented by Anton Flettner a German aeronautical engineer He started work in 1905 for the Zeppelin Company Died in... Trim P Most aircraft have single axis trim for the elevator Airliners have three axis trim for the elevator rudder and ailerons Trim is used to... Post-Landing P Once on the ground Do not relax Hold the yoke back and properly positioned for taxi For any turns off the runway the yoke should... Pre-takeoff Considerations P B 1 Gross Weight and Center of Gravity B BR Gross weight is the empty weight plus useful load You must check... Runup P Use a run up checklist Always face the wind Engine cooling is the reason We are not teaching a flying career made only... Start/Post Start P Make several dry run engine starts on the tape recorder to develop the checklist Emphasize used of the left hand all the time holding the mike... Pre-start/Start Checklist P Once in the aircraft we begin the pre start tape recording Seats doors window open belts FAR 91 107 requires the pilot ... Aircraft Preflight P FAR 91 103 refers to weather airport data and POH information on aircraft performance FAR 91 7 b refers to inspection of aircraft condition... Crash Survival #1 survival item is to let a responsible person know where you are going your route and ETA Insurance is to make contact after arrival ... Sources of Inadvertent Stalls Becoming Spins B 1 Inadequate rudder application in steep climbs Climb power raises nose decreases airspeed and increases P factor BR 2 False... Imminent Stalls P The major difference between this stall segment and those proceeding is the quot;depth quot; of the stall In this procedure regardless of the configuration the... Light Series P The light gun is used by ATC towers in the event of radio failure to move and sequence aircraft In general all GREEN signals ... Uncontrolled Airport Radio P Start listening well away from the airport Overfly above pattern altitude if you are uncertain of pattern or procedures Adhere to AIM recommended procedures ... Controlled Airport Radio P B There are several essentials to good radio work B P P B The first essential is: ... Most dangerous thing in aviation: P B quot; B A pilot with a tool box quot; or quot;A politician with a good idea quot; P ... WD-40 and Cleaning P The use of WD 40 is not recommended on aircraft It is not recommended because only a light lubricant is left after the solvents evaporate ... Pilot/Owner Maintenance P Keeping an aircraft clean greatly improves both its appearance and its performance When you clean an aircraft you learn a great deal about its construction and... Operation of Airplane Systems P I FONT SIZE quot; 1 quot; REFERENCES: C 61 21 AC61 23 FONT Airplane Handbook and Flight Manual I ... Nutrition P Food when converted into glucose is the source of brain energy Glucose cannot be stored As blood sugar it requires constant renewal If glucose... Vertigo P Unrecognized spatial disorientation is caused by some combination of channeled attention distraction and target fixation These most often occur in conjunction with loss of situational... Spatial Disorientation P Spatial disorientation is the No 1 cause of military fatal accidents Even the best pilot will become disoriented under the right conditions Effects on... Stress P Human performance is mitigated by physical stresses such as fatigue fitness sleep food age and illness Psychological stressors such as personal family... Coffee P Half of the American population is addicted to coffee 25 drink ten or more cups a day Quitting coffee is both difficult and painful... Smoking P The smoking of tobacco is a form of self imposed physical and psychological stress that constitutes an immediate and on going threat to health and safety ... Hypoxia P An adult will breath in 3 000 gallons by volume of air per day This includes 600 20 of total gallons of... Hyperventilation P Stress anxiety and fear cause hyperventilation The person begins abnormal rapid breathing Reduction of carbon dioxide causes lightheadedness suffocation drowsiness tingling... Ear Block P Caused when the Eustachian tube becomes blocked Earblock or sinus blockages can cause differential air pressures to exist between cavities of the skull and the exterior... Dehydration P Human need for 2 4 quarts of water a day You become thirsty with a deficit of 1 5 quarts of body fluids or 2 of... Fatigue and Flying P Acute fatigue occurs when a long period passes with a lack of sleep Chronic fatigue occurs when several acute fatigue periods occur without adequate recovery time... Taxiing P The nose wheel linkaqe tire pressure spring tension and seat position affect taxiing and often cause turns in one direction to be easier than... Wildflife Areas P Throughout the U S the states and federal government have placed altitude restrictions on flight over many different classification of game areas Federal limits are... Age as a Factor In Flying P The average General Aviation pilot was 39 years of age in 1990 Pilots over 60 have 2 1 times more accidents than pilots in their 50... Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) P Broadcast by ATC to warn air traffic to remain clear of areas such as open air affairs forest fires space launches crime scenes ... Special Use Airspace (SUA) P Not on charts but often mentioned by VOR Tower broadcasts Locally by Livermore ATIS to warn of National Guard firing range near Danville San Ramon border... Military Training Routes (MTR) P If you find that your flight will intersect an MTR route be sure to have P P the FSS run a... Military Operational Areas (MOA) P ATC may fly IFR flights through if radar separation possible Because of military aerobatics VFR flight requires caution No clearance required but contact controlling agency... Warning Areas P Same as Restricted area but over international waters beyond 3 mile P P limit of our borders Contains hazards related... Alert Areas P High volume military flight areas are classified as Alert Areas Basic VFR requirements exist but no clearance is required Visual separation is a must ... Restricted Areas P You should determine if area is quot;hot quot; or in use Hazardous area usually due to military firing bombs explosive missile activity... Prohibited Areas Don #146;t fly here ever White House Personal residence of President Area within 5 miles of president is prohibited airspace at any time Some prohibited... Calming Flying Anxiety P Anxiety is generalized fear Your body prepares you to run fight or act to protect yourself Your heart and blood pressure rise blood... Are You Ready? In the real world of life some things are done too soon Getting married having children picking fruit and going into your own business are... The Risks of Flying Most flying decisions are easy if the decision is based upon safety Being safe does not mean without risk Engine operations are safe but some 8 percent... Statistics on General Aviation Accidents ol li 51 of pilots were between 40 49 BR li 71 were private pilots BR ... Statistics on Fuel/electric related accidents ol P li Experience level of the pilot does not seem to matter in fuel related accidents BR li 86... The Second Solo P The first solo is deceptive in that it overcomes much of the tension related to quot;can I do it quot; The next few lessons ... What to expect on your first solo P Solo preparation began on the first flight Now the FARs require specific paper work study and testing Student skill and knowledge for... Crosswind Takeoff P The crosswind takeoff requires some timing skills that are not present in other landings On full power application the yoke is held full over into the... Aborted Takeoff P once is enough BR It is all too common to have a seat slide back during initial takeoff acceleration For this reason the... Short, Soft, and Rough Takeoff P Use the recommended flap setting either prior to takeoff or after reaching 30 40 knots The idea is to get clear of the ground as soon... Soft-field Takeoff P Introduction BR The situation is a takeoff area of unlimited length but having a soft surface the nature of which would prevent acceleration ... Downwind Takeoff P demonstration BR At controlled airports the non assertive pilot just goes where he is told to go There are occasions where for convenience... Short Field Takeoff P The procedure requires performance that results in the shortest ground roll and the steepest angle of climb Two beginning options are available with little advantage going... Why Takeoff Pitch Changes P The initial lift off attitude at Vso is slightly higher than that required for Vy best rate of climb but is about right for Vx... The Takeoff P The runup is completed and the trim is set for takeoff We have used our pre takeoff and takeoff checklist and have been cleared by the... Takeoff Factors P Many airports of the U S are long enough and wide enough for all G A aircraft Oddly most are not When the... Stalls P When we do stalls we are seeking recognition and prompt proper recovery You the student are being taught awareness How you become... Crosswind Landings P I References: AC 61 21 Airplane Handbook and Flight Manual I P P Recommended speeds or 1 3 Vso... The First Solo P There are many self induced stresses on the student prior to solo The student begins to worry about it never happening the cost how... Hundred Octane Aviation Fuel Interestingly of all machines only airplanes have their own fuel BR BR In the late 1930s light weight and compact engines were being developed... Why Pilots Walk Funny Ever wonder why propeller pilots walk funny They do The P factor explanation from the instructors handbook tells the instructor how to explain this to the... Shirt Tails There has been a long tradition in aviation related to cutting off the shirt tails of newly soloed student pilots One story has it that the practice ... The LORAN System I instructed LORAN at 58th Bomb Wing Training School on Tinian Island of the Marianas during the last year of WWII I also instructed in the use... Measures As pilots we are generally unaware and or uneducated as to the debt that aviation owes to those scientists and mathematicians who preceded the Wright brothers... Passenger Boarding Information Welcome aboard this non commercial flight in the vicinity of San Francisco We will be departing shortly and with any luck at all will... Fear of Flying An Opinion on Fear B BR I have concerns with fear as it relates to flying I realize fear of... Music and Flying I don #39;t know that anyone has ever equated music to flying by comparing the skills of a music master vs a student to the ... The Unteachable Student I have found that my methods and I am incompatible with about 5 of my students This was true when I was teaching... Growing Up As A Pilot It takes more than time to grow and mature as a pilot Judgment cannot be measured just by time but by the number of successful ... Notes On Learning Learning to fly was still the greatest adventure of life The inner process of learning to do so many different tasks in a context... On Flight Instructors Almost anyone can learn to fly an airplane if exposed to the environment long enough and teaching someone properly is extremely hard work ... Learning To Fly Young You really don t need to go to a flying school to learn to fly The schools tend to be quite expensive I hope you live... What You Know, Gets In The Way of What You Don't Know The learning law of #39;Primacy #39; is what makes developing proper habits first build the foundation for what you will do when under stress... Would You Believe That You Can... ul li Be a non instrument rated pilot and fly in VFR condition of top of overcast at night in a VFR only... Bits and Pieces ul li Tolerance to lack of oxygen decreases proportionately with age BR li Patience is one... How We Got Pattern A and Pattern B These patterns have been for many years a part of the Instrument Flying Handbook as among the first lessons in acquiring the aircraft control required for instrument flying ... Radio Communications at an Uncontrolled Airport Start listening well away from the airport Overfly above pattern altitude if you are uncertain of pattern or procedures Adhere to AIM recommended procedures Doing otherwise... A History of Measurement Under the Roman Empire Rome became the center of the western world All roads led to Rome and all distances were measured from Rome The distances... A Training Program P I make a practice of having prospective students come to my home office for a couple of hours to discuss flying I request that... Unusual Attitudes P During the proficiency phase of hood work #39;unusual attitudes #39; should be practiced This means that you will put on the hood close his... Pilots Are Special P A pilot has overcome his fears He has replaced superstition with rational thinking and knowledge It takes a special degree of courage to face your... Selecting Your Instructor P Your instructor is one essential leg to the flight training program An interview and perhaps demonstration flight can be very deceptive I do believe that... Keys For Successful Learning P B 1 Time of year B BR Summer flying gives longer days but does not provide the most desirable range of experience... Commitment to Flying ol li You must be able to give priority to the time and energy required for learning to fly If you can #39;t... Changing You P You begin flying with an attitude that may or may not be compatible to the reality required Attitude is a basic human factor that sets performance... Help Your Instructor P The more an instructor knows about you your background motivation finances and goals the better he will be able to advise you on ... The Student As A Student P How much does it cost Depends on motivation of student BR How long does it take 62 hours is average My students may... Keeping Anger in its Place P What turns a student the wrong direction can be the sudden onset of a series of failures The myriad of emotional reactions; anxiety panic ... Student Evaluation P Evaluation is a teaching constant It begins when the lesson begins Continues throughout the lesson and for me can continue for years Just today... Learning From Your Mistakes P A mistake is painful because we have been conditioned to experience humiliation and shame We expect ourselves to be able to perform When we don... Dealing with Delays One of the advantages of learning to fly in the fall is the greater probability of weather delays A pilot learns to live with and accept delays of any kind... Preparation The success of the instructional program is directly related to the willingness of the student to study and prepare It takes a minimum of two hours of study for every... Good Judgement font size 1 color 339966 b Good Judgement b font br P Even the best instruction will not suffice if the... It's About Judgement P In flying there are as many ways to gain skill and experience as there are pilots Time alone is a very poor criteria Once pilot... Visualizing Your Training P A student pilot or any other pilot for that matter can practice flying even while not in a plane A situation can be visualized ... Important Side Notes ol li The Law of Firsts Haviland #39;s quot;The first time you do you shouldn #39;t have... On Checklists ol li Flying an airplane requires that a series of relatively complex procedures A checklist is most viable if a long series ... Medical Certification P You do not need a medical certificate until you fly by yourself It is suggested that you get your medical before you go to any major... Not Making Progress? P I doubt that there is a pilot flying who has not at one time or another felt the twinge of doubt that his learning curve is not... Teaching precepts P li Docendo Discimus We learn by teaching When by yourself you are the instructor BR BR ... Advice to instructors P Go down to lost and found and get your memory every time you have a senior moment P P As a... Judgment of Limitations P The ability of a student to plan a safe flight or flying activity is determined by his judgment of his limitations It is important that the... Self-Doubt is Normal P Every so often the instructor finds a student who is going through a phase of flying that is very disturbing to the student A student may... Who's In Charge? P Low time instructors have most of the #39;Who #39;s in Charge #39; kind of difficulty This is because they have not had the opportunity ... A Need to communicate P What is the only question an instructor can never answer It is the unasked question Many concerns are unspoken The unspoken fear of every... Teaching Memory P The way an instructor presents material has a great influence on student retention of what is being taught Trauma is proven to be the absolute best... Reaction and Anticipation P In searching for an appropriate place for this material I was surprised at how often the terms appeared the variety of context and application to... Spins - A History An unheralded aviation pioneer is British scientist F A Lindemann The Prof as he was known led a very checkered... A History of Running Lights I have developed a possible sequence for the development of red and green running lights on ships and aircraft I would like to make the following case ... Bits and Pieces ul li Tolerance to lack of oxygen decreases proportionately with age BR li Patience... Its About Time... The next major step in aviation measurement came from the Greeks about 2500 years ago The Greeks sought rules for the way number ideas seemed to work ... Way To Go... The pole star was recognized by the ancients as being a constant reference for determining direction The Norsemen in the 11th century used a needle of magnetic ... Buying the Farm In the `20s #39; barnstormers would travel the countryside to small cities and set up an quot;airplane ride quot; concession from some farmer #39;s field The pilot...		External Links  Recent articles Stalls P When we do stalls we are seeking recognition and prompt proper recovery You the student are being taught awareness How you become... 1989 - 1993 US Accidents #133;Accident__________Deaths_ BR 1 Highway Accidents 228 000 BR 2 Murders ... Landing Illusions P You and every other pilot is susceptible to illusions When any of our three flight senses visual auditory and kinesthetic give erroneous information... Who is in charge? B Low time instructors have most of the #39;Who #39;s in Charge #39; kind of difficulty This is because they have not... Instruction Initially the ground instruction begins with basic background and theory The flight lesson is predicated by the use of preflight and Postflight briefings... Category Normal Category is a certification category This category has a maximum G loading of 3 8 G #39;s positive G #39;s 1 52... On Flight Instructors Almost anyone can learn to fly an airplane if exposed to the environment long enough and teaching someone properly is extremely hard work ... Short Field Takeoff P The procedure requires performance that results in the shortest ground roll and the steepest angle of climb Two beginning options are available with little advantage going... Sleep P The most common cause of diminished alertness and proficiency is lack of sleep This condition is said to affect 30 of the U S ... VFR Midairs 82 occur by one aircraft being overtaken from the rear BR 35 occur with convergence less than 10 degrees BR ... 1998 Statistics li B Over 20 of all G A fatal accidents had weather as contributing factor BR ... On Motivation Students will only learn if they want to Contrary to commonly held parent #39;s opinion children are not inherently resistant to instruction ... Timed Turns P In VFR condition at level altitude cruise the standard rate bank is selected by using the turn coordinator The degree of bank is NOTED on the... Illusions - IFR for VFR pilots P The purpose of IFR training is to be able to read interpret the instruments and fly accordingly The introduction of the VFR student to the... Abnormal Situation Training B We do not want a first spin to be of the accidental kind We do not want a first encounter with adverse weather... Effective Instruction First of four elements is identification of the objectives…not the creation of them as would the FAA have you believe BR The... More on Mid-Airs ul li Over half of the people involved in midair accidents were survivors BR li The probability of a... Overview of the PTS 75 of Applicant failures are due to instructor failure The Applicant must know that he is pilot in command as well as in compliance with the eligibility rules ... Rectangular Patterns P Under calm conditions almost any rectangle can be used If there is a wind the longest leg of the rectangles should be planned to be... Private Pilot Requirements At least 17 read write and speak English 3rd class medical written test oral test flight test 61 103 BR Private... IFR Maneuvers Straight and level control U U 200 feet of altitude U U 20 degrees of heading U ... Planned Instruction The military is a leading exponent of programmed instruction Under such a program every thing in the future is based upon the building blocks... Teaching Memory P The way an instructor presents material has a great influence on student retention of what is being taught Trauma is proven to be the absolute best... Instructional Frustration I must admit I am somewhat discourged with primary flight instruction Students that don #39;t prepare for the lesson don #39;t do their homework ... Permanent Records P Total time on airframe engine propeller since last overhaul of items required to be overhauled P P Status... Associated Airport (Two Mile final into CCR 19R) Clyde as it exists now is two small rows of homes along one side of a railroad spur track and Port Chicago Highway I was once... Power-on Stalls No lower that 1500 #39; BR Takeoff configuration BR Induce stall with heading maintained U U 10 degrees when inducing stall with... When A Pilot Dies Two of my pilots have died in airplane crashes One I had advised to quit and I thought that he had Three years later ... Taildraggers 19 of fleet are taildraggers BR 6 to 29 of landing accidents P P ... The Last Thing You Learn P If you make a good landing the yoke should be positioned for taxiing When you turn off the runway the correct positioning of the yoke will... The Student As A Problem Of great concern to the responsible instructor is the prospective pilot who is heavily occupied with concerns unrelated to flying Many students who are... Learning To Fly P There is no single way to get a pilot license Getting it is faster and cheaper if training is done consistently with the same aircraft and... WD-40 and Cleaning P The use of WD 40 is not recommended on aircraft It is not recommended because only a light lubricant is left after the solvents evaporate ... The Risks of Flying Most flying decisions are easy if the decision is based upon safety Being safe does not mean without risk Engine operations are safe but some 8 percent... Nutrition P Food when converted into glucose is the source of brain energy Glucose cannot be stored As blood sugar it requires constant renewal If glucose... Flight Review All slow flight BR All stalls BR All landings BR Go arounds BR Steep turns BR Spirals BR Unusual... Certificates and Documents I FONT SIZE quot; 1 quot; REFERENCES; FARs 43 61 and 91; AC 61 21 AC61 23; Pilot #39;s handbook and Flight Manual... Ground Review All frequencies BR Sectional use BR FARs BR Aircraft manual one in aircraft required BR Aircraft papers logbooks ... Bits and Pieces ul li Tolerance to lack of oxygen decreases proportionately with age BR li Patience... FAR 61.39(a)(5) Completion of Prerequisites for PT I have given name flight instruction in preparation for a type test within the preceding 60 days and find him competent to pass the test and... Ear Block P Caused when the Eustachian tube becomes blocked Earblock or sinus blockages can cause differential air pressures to exist between cavities of the skull and the exterior... The Development of Aviation Progress in aviation has been a dynamic proof of the Chaos theory Government in all its forms as perceived by the individual as a... One CFI + One CFI = Problems One several occasions I have flown with both experienced and inexperienced CFI for a number of reasons In practically every instance peculiar things have... Prohibited Areas Don #146;t fly here ever White House Personal residence of President Area within 5 miles of president is prohibited airspace at any time Some prohibited... Forced Landings li If altitude permits glide range may be increased if propeller is stopped BR li Speed half way between best rate... Crosswind Landings P I References: AC 61 21 Airplane Handbook and Flight Manual I P P Recommended speeds or 1 3 Vso... Postflight Debriefing The postflight debriefing begins as a self evaluation by both student and instructor as to why certain operations were less than successful or why... Why and When of Accidents 1 One fourth of forced landings are related to maintenance or mechanical failure BR 2 1 3 accidents in landing ... Radio Communications at an Uncontrolled Airport Start listening well away from the airport Overfly above pattern altitude if you are uncertain of pattern or procedures Adhere to AIM recommended procedures Doing otherwise... FAR 61.35(a)(f) and 61 105(a) Aeronautical knowledge I certify that I have given name the ground instruction required by FAR 61 105 a 1 through 6 The new version lists thirteen...  Related Links
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