Society of Automotive Engineers
In 1917 the SAE had an Aeronautical Division which diagrammed and identified the stick controls and rudder used to control aircraft Altitude ...Unusual Attitudes
P During the proficiency phase of hood work #39;unusual attitudes #39; should be practiced This means that you will put on the hood close his...
Judgement of Limitations
B The ability of a student to plan a safe flight or flying activity is determined by his judgment of his limitations It ...
How We Got Pattern A and Pattern B
These patterns have been for many years a part of the Instrument Flying Handbook as among the first lessons in acquiring the aircraft control required for instrument flying ...
The Risks of Flying
Most flying decisions are easy if the decision is based upon safety Being safe does not mean without risk Engine operations are safe but some 8 percent...
Traffic Patterns
Local rules BR Altitudes U U 100 and speeds U U 10 knots BR The idea of...
Viva la Difference
Where male and female students are similar: BR Individual differences of greater importance BR Learning differences more related...
The First Solo
P There are many self induced stresses on the student prior to solo The student begins to worry about it never happening the cost how...
What to Expect from Fatigue
Reduced vigilance BR Increased temper excursions BR Reduced ability to concentrate BR Reduce awareness of deviations BR Increased rationalization of errors BR...
Way To Go...
The pole star was recognized by the ancients as being a constant reference for determining direction The Norsemen in the 11th century used a needle of magnetic ...
Runup
P Use a run up checklist Always face the wind Engine cooling is the reason We are not teaching a flying career made only...
Holding Patterns IFR
The shape of the holding pattern was based upon a requirement that older gyro instruments be allowed to settle down in a turn The...
Statistics on General Aviation Accidents
ol li 51 of pilots were between 40 49 BR li 71 were private pilots BR ...
Private Pilot Currency
3 landings in last 90 days before carrying passengers BR 3 full stop landing for night currency ...
Introduction to Ground Reference
P During the time that I am practicing flap descents and go arounds I try to make at least one descent over a gently curved channel or road...
Sources of Inadvertent Stalls Becoming Spins
B 1 Inadequate rudder application in steep climbs Climb power raises nose decreases airspeed and increases P factor BR 2 False...
In Possession for Checkride
Logbook BR Medical Student certificate BR Sectional Must be current BR Aircraft engine logbook Get from maintenance BR Aircraft...
First Flight Preparations
P 1 Schedule aircraft instructor BR 2 Aircraft keys BR 3 Read Owner #39;s Manual BR 4 ...
My Solos Take Longer
The first five students I taught had #39;things #39; happen during their first or second solo I changed my program so that a student ...
Forced Landings
li If altitude permits glide range may be increased if propeller is stopped BR li Speed half way between best rate...
Pre-takeoff Considerations
P B 1 Gross Weight and Center of Gravity B BR Gross weight is the empty weight plus useful load You must check...
Private Pilot Requirements
At least 17 read write and speak English 3rd class medical written test oral test flight test 61 103 BR Private...
Post Landing Checklist
When flaps C H mixture radio ...
Illusions - Natural Illusions
P B Rain B BR Rain gives the illusion of being higher than you actually are Combined with haze you will fly...
FAR 91 aircraft equipment required Day
VFR minimum equipment: airspeed altimeter compass tachometer fuel gauge oil temperature oil pressure gear indicator and manifold...
Engine Logs
P B Overhaul B P P Does not change prior history Time is added as quot;since overhaul quot;...
Wearing Thin Pants
In many respects flying an airplane is much like riding a horse A horse goes where its head points so does an airplane ...
Side Notes
1 The Law of Firsts Haviland #39;s quot;The first time you do you shouldn #39;t have The first time you don #39;t...
Teaching Memory
The way an instructor presents material has a great influence on student retention of what is being taught Trauma is proven to be the...
Stress
P Human performance is mitigated by physical stresses such as fatigue fitness sleep food age and illness Psychological stressors such as personal family...
Engine Starting
Clear start and after start with checklist BR Hand propping BR External source BR Clearing BR Uses checklist ...
Practice Illusions
P B Autokinesis B BR On a dark night fly toward a single light Student is to stare only at the light...
Illusions - IFR for VFR pilots
P The purpose of IFR training is to be able to read interpret the instruments and fly accordingly The introduction of the VFR student to the...
Taxiing
P The nose wheel linkaqe tire pressure spring tension and seat position affect taxiing and often cause turns in one direction to be easier than...
Nutrition
P Food when converted into glucose is the source of brain energy Glucose cannot be stored As blood sugar it requires constant renewal If glucose...
Run-up
Control check BR Engine check BR Instrument settings BR Uses checklist BR Airspeed distances review BR Emergency and departure review...
Weather Accidents
1 Ice accidents: One per year in California Indiana is worst with almost 2 a year 4 of the 5 California accidents occurred between...
One CFI + One CFI = Problems
One several occasions I have flown with both experienced and inexperienced CFI for a number of reasons In practically every instance peculiar things have...
Who is in charge?
B Low time instructors have most of the #39;Who #39;s in Charge #39; kind of difficulty This is because they have not...
Performance Sheet ASEL
Compute weight and balance with gross takeoff weight___________ Center of gravity location ________ BR Gross landing weight __________ Center of gravity location _________ BR Shift weight...
Why Takeoff Pitch Changes
P The initial lift off attitude at Vso is slightly higher than that required for Vy best rate of climb but is about right for Vx...
Permanent Records
P Total time on airframe engine propeller since last overhaul of items required to be overhauled P P Status...
Teaching Memory
P The way an instructor presents material has a great influence on student retention of what is being taught Trauma is proven to be the absolute best...
Takeoff Notes
P While easy to accomplish the takeoff is a relatively high risk flight operation because of the few options if things go wrong The best option...
Instructional Frustration
I must admit I am somewhat discourged with primary flight instruction Students that don #39;t prepare for the lesson don #39;t do their homework ...
Postflight Debriefing
The postflight debriefing begins as a self evaluation by both student and instructor as to why certain operations were less than successful or why...
Self-Doubt is Normal
P Every so often the instructor finds a student who is going through a phase of flying that is very disturbing to the student A student may...
Lost Procedures
Maintains original heading BR Identifies available landmarks BR Uses Navaids and contacts ATC for assistance BR Considers precautionary landing as an option ...
Soft-field Takeoff
P Introduction BR The situation is a takeoff area of unlimited length but having a soft surface the nature of which would prevent acceleration ...
Trim Exercises (Instructor Notes)
P To teach the effectiveness of trim try the following exercise The instructor should demonstrate how to hold the nose in one fixed position while the student...
Absolute altitude is obtained by the use of radar. The first
radar altimeter was the A/N 718. I worked with it during WWII.
It consisted of two one-foot long antennae that were placed about
20 feet apart under the wings on each side of the aircraft fuselage.
This was a frequency modulation system, which transmitted a burst
of radio energy to the ground through one antenna and picked
up the burst echo from the ground on the other antenna. During
the transmission period the frequency was undergoing a constant
rate of change in microseconds. The receiver measures the frequency
change difference between the first burst and the frequency when
it returns to the aircraft receiver. This amount of change is
recorded and displayed in feet on a circular cathode ray-tube
display. I would suspect that the ground proximity warning system
(GPWS) system used on airliners works much the same. Doppler
radar uses frequency modulation today but to my knowledge this
was the first practical use of FM technology.